When discussing solar energy, the correct terminology is essential. The term ''solar panels'' is commonly used, but the accurate phrases are ''photovoltaic modules'' or ''PV modules.'' These are the proper terms you should use. Chapter 1: PV Technology This chapter delves into the various technologies available and the core operating principles of photovoltaic modules. It is divided into several subchapters: Subchapter 1.1: The Photovoltaic Effect The photovoltaic effect is both a physical and chemical phenomenon where both voltage and current are produced when sunlight hits a photovoltaic module. This is the foundational principle behind how solar panels generate electricity. Subchapter 1.2: Materials Different materials are used in the production of photovoltaic modules. This subchapter explores the available options, helping you understand which materials are preferable for specific applications. Subchapter 1.3: Advanced Technologies More advanced solar panel technologies are continually being developed. This subchapter examines the latest innovations and improvements in the market. Subchapter 1.4: Modular Variations Photovoltaic modules come in various structures and physical forms. This subchapter looks at the different designs and their respective benefits and drawbacks. How Solar Panels Work: The Basic Operating Principle A solar panel comprises many identical rectangular or square units called solar cells. These cells are the building blocks, each made of a semiconductor material. A semiconductor conducts electricity, but not very efficiently, which is why it is termed a ''semiconductor.'' The Doping Process In the factory, these solar cells undergo a chemical treatment process called doping. During doping, one side of the semiconductor is treated to become positively charged, while the other side is treated to become negatively charged. This treatment creates a thin boundary layer between the positive and negative sides, known as the P-N junction.\ The P-N Junction The P-N junction is crucial because it is where the photovoltaic effect occurs. When sunlight hits the semiconductor, electrons are excited and jump across the P-N junction from the negative to the positive side, initiating an electrical circuit. Creating the Electrical Circuit To harness the electricity generated by this process, bus bars are installed on both the positive and negative sides of the semiconductor. These bus bars are connected to wires, which then lead to the load. The load is any device that consumes the electricity generated by the photovoltaic module, such as light bulbs, motors, or batteries. Conclusion Understanding the correct terminology and the basic operating principles of photovoltaic modules is essential for anyone interested in solar energy. By grasping these fundamentals, you can better appreciate the technology behind solar panels and make informed decisions about their use and installation. Photo source: https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/generating-electricity-solar-cells https://in.mitsuichemicals.com/blog/types-of-solar-panels-cost-and-efficiencies/index.htm https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00981 https://www.maysunsolar.com/blog-flexible-and-rigid-solar-panels-pros-cons/ https://www.scribd.com/document/352520413/EM-Lectures