Open Windings
Belitan Terbuka
Open windings are caused by cable and connection failures, failures at the machine terminals, or failures in the winding itself.
Belitan terbuka disebabkan oleh kegagalan kabel dan sambungan, kegagalan pada terminal mesin, atau kegagalan pada belitan itu sendiri.
Short Circuit Between Phases
Litar Pintas Antara Fasa
Phase-to-phase shorts occur when the insulation between two phases breaks down, often at the coil ends where the phases come closest together.
Litar pintas fasa-ke-fasa berlaku apabila penebat antara dua fasa rosak, selalunya di hujung gegelung di mana fasa paling hampir antara satu sama lain.
Ground Wall Fault
Kerosakan Dinding Pembumian
Ground faults occur when the insulation between a winding and the core/frame fails, allowing current to flow to ground.
Kerosakan bumi berlaku apabila penebat antara belitan dan teras/kerangka gagal, membenarkan arus mengalir ke bumi.
Short Circuited Turns
Litar Pintas Pusingan
Turn-to-turn shorts occur when the insulation between adjacent turns in a coil fails, creating a short circuit within the coil.
Litar pintas pusingan-ke-pusingan berlaku apabila penebat antara pusingan bersebelahan dalam gegelung gagal, mewujudkan litar pintas dalam gegelung.
Worn Slot Insulation
Penebat Alur Usang
Slot insulation can wear due to mechanical movement, vibration, or thermal cycling, eventually leading to ground faults.
Penebat alur boleh haus disebabkan pergerakan mekanikal, getaran, atau kitaran terma, akhirnya membawa kepada kerosakan bumi.
Contamination
Pencemaran
Contamination from oil, dirt, moisture, or chemicals can degrade insulation, leading to tracking and eventual failure.
Pencemaran daripada minyak, kotoran, kelembapan, atau bahan kimia boleh merosotkan penebat, membawa kepada penjejakan dan akhirnya kegagalan.
Erosion
Hakisan
Erosion occurs when contaminants in the cooling air abrade the insulation, typically at the coil ends.
Hakisan berlaku apabila bendasing dalam udara penyejuk mengikis penebat, biasanya di hujung gegelung.
Tracking
Penjejakan
Tracking occurs when contaminants create conductive paths across insulation surfaces, leading to surface discharges.
Penjejakan berlaku apabila bendasing mewujudkan laluan konduktif merentasi permukaan penebat, membawa kepada nyahcas permukaan.
Loose Windings
Belitan Longgar
Loose windings can move and vibrate, causing insulation wear, abrasion, and eventual failure.
Belitan longgar boleh bergerak dan bergetar, menyebabkan haus penebat, lelasan, dan akhirnya kegagalan.
Rotor Rub
Geselan Rotor
Rotor rub occurs when the rotor contacts the stator, typically due to bearing failure, causing physical damage to windings.
Geselan rotor berlaku apabila rotor menyentuh stator, biasanya disebabkan kegagalan galas, menyebabkan kerosakan fizikal pada belitan.
Overheating
Kepanasan Berlebihan
Overheating from overload, high ambient temperature, or cooling problems can degrade insulation and lead to failure.
Kepanasan berlebihan daripada beban lebih, suhu persekitaran tinggi, atau masalah penyejukan boleh merosotkan penebat dan membawa kepada kegagalan.
Lightning or Surge Damage
Kerosakan Kilat atau Lonjakan
Voltage surges from lightning, switching, or other sources can puncture insulation and cause immediate failure.
Lonjakan voltan daripada kilat, pensuisan, atau sumber lain boleh menebuk penebat dan menyebabkan kegagalan serta-merta.
BR 18694 
US 7370 
CN 2879 
AR 2283 
EC 1157 
AU 1092 
TH 1006 
SG 865 
